Why Do People Get Angry While Driving? The Qualitative Study for Establishing A New Questionnaire

Anger on the road is a mechanical manifestation of hate and disapproval of an individual or a circumstance [1]. However, angriness while driving can undermine one’s performance as a driver and he or she may hurt people physiologically and psychologically. This paper develops a new measure to quantify level of angriness that they experience while driving. Qualitative investigation is carried out with the help of interviews to identify various factors those may predict the degree of anger drivers experience during the process of driving. Reliability and validity of the instrument are reported as well. The study identifies four distinctive dimensions of anger while driving.


Introduction
Anger on the road is a mechanical manifestation of hate and disapproval of an individual or a circumstance [1]. However, angriness while driving can undermine one's performance as a driver and he or she may hurt people physiologically and psychologically. This paper develops a new measure to quantify level of angriness that they experience while driving. Qualitative investigation is carried out with the help of interviews to identify various factors those may predict the degree of anger drivers experience during the process of driving. Reliability and validity of the instrument are reported as well. The study identifies four distinctive dimensions of anger while driving.

Literature Review
People experience higher degree of mental stress because they live in a collective familial system [2]. Each individual fulfills socioeconomic needs of considerable number of individuals and resultant stress interferes with one's ability to focus on a specific task [3]. People of Pakistan may mindlessly drive a vehicle due to a compromised mental state [4]. Additionally, they transfer blame of poor driving on to others while not understanding their mistakes. Drivers consider others responsible for their poor driving [5]. However, they lack the tendency to take personal responsibility to improve their driving skills [6]. Drivers also do not have sufficient amount of patience that contributes towards increasing frustration on the road. However, one should plan his or her trip with detail in order to reach the intended destination in time. Lack of personal discipline causes people to embark on a journey with considerable delay. Again, they do not take responsibility of managing their time more effectively and they blame other drivers aggressively for getting late [1].
Additionally, majority of Pakistani drivers assume themselves to be above the law and therefore, they behave impolitely towards traffic police. Lack of training is also a byproduct of superiority complex that causes people to drive while not having proper education and licensing [7]. Professional drivers live a financially challenging life in Pakistan and therefore, they tend to behave angrily towards police. Drivers want to violently undermine the personality of policeman in order to get away with their crime on the road [8].
Drivers also respond negatively towards emotionally draining and abusive attitude of bystanders and pedestrians [9]. Drivers may invite one to participate in an unnecessary racing [1]. However, an individual may feel the need to prove his or her supremacy. Rush of adrenaline can cause a person to take irrational decisions on the road. Additionally, one's companions may interfere with driving by passing judgmental and abusive remarks in order to emotionally disturb an active driver on the road [10]. angry on the road. Conducted interviews were semi-structured and their objective was to classify reasons those make people angry while driving. Additionally, the study developed a prototype questionnaire in order to test validity and reliability of the proposed instrument. Furthermore, the main sample of 115 respondents was selected from an educational institution in Faisalabad by using the method of convenience sampling again to fill the developed instrument. Responses of the main sample were recorded at the bandwidth of 5-point Likert scale (Tables 1  & 2

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Main sample of the study included 80.9% of respondents whose age was between 20 to 25 years. 10

Reliability of Proposed Questionnaire
The proposed questionnaire to measure anger while driving a vehicle generated a corresponding Cornbach's Alpha of 0.735. One can consider the established instrument as a reliable means of ascertaining the relevant construct.

Control Variables and Outcome Variable i. Age and Anger While Driving
People in Pakistan gain more experience due to growing age and therefore, they become calmer and focused with the passage of time. Increased focus and personal calmness may contribute to make elders emotionally and socially stable on the road. Negative experiences of the past also contribute in increasing patience amongst older drivers. Older drivers do not experience significant anger on the road due to enhanced social and emotional stability of the personality [7]. Additionally, past experiences make personality of an older driver calmer and focused.
Ho: Older and younger people experience same level of anger while driving a vehicle Hi: Older people experience less anger than younger individuals while driving a vehicle

ii. Education and Anger While Driving
Education is also a source of increasing behavioral soberness in the society of Pakistan. Educated people often treat others as equal citizens on the road due to higher level of educational and spiritual enlightenment. Educated persons also constantly feel the need to correct and improve their behavior while driving due to powerful inclination to experience continuous technical growth as a driver [3]. Educated people also treat traffic police with respect due to same factor of perceived social responsibility.
Hii: Educated and ignorant people experience same degree of anger while driving Hiii: Educated people experience less anger than ignorant ones while driving

iii. Gender and Anger While Driving
Pakistan is a masculine society and therefore, males feel superior to females. Social superiority complex of men translates into higher level of anger on the road [10]. Males exhibit significantly higher degree of anger than females while driving due to feeling of social superiority.
Hiv: Males and females experience comparative level of anger while driving Hv: Males experience more anger than females while driving Results (Table 3) Age negatively affects presence of anger during the process of driving a vehicle. This study accepts Ho (B= -0.222, p < 0.01). Older drivers experience less anger while driving than younger ones. Educational development also lessens presence of rage in drivers (B = -0.158, p < 0.01). This paper also considers Hiii as an empirically truthful statement. Finally, males and females exhibit comparative level of anger during their time as a driver (Sum of Squares = 0.013, p > 0.05). Hiv is accepted resultantly. *** = p < = 0.001 ** = p < = 0.01 * = p < = 0.05.

Discussion
Personal issues interfere with driving skills of a person in Pakistan. People of Pakistan manage extraordinary familial responsibilities [10]. Significant number of people is living dependently on earnings of sole earners of large families. Earners and jobholders have a momentous task of managing and meeting expectations of dependent individuals. Females and males show equal degree of anger while driving because professionally active people face similar level of familial tensions [1]. Youth does not want to pursue a specific profession with commitment and therefore, earners of corresponding families experience more stress in order to generate extra money to financially support inactive human resources. Increasing tension and stress contribute in making people angry while driving. Lack of personal discipline and poor time management also causes people to experience unnecessary delays on the road and therefore, they feel anger due to getting late from their relevant offices [7].
Superiority complex also increases anger in drivers because they consider themselves as members of an elite class. Drivers do not tolerate obstructing behavior of others on the road. Drivers behave negatively towards other users of the road due to sense of social superiority. Unhealthily proud drivers also identify officials of traffic police as low level creatures [1]. Drivers with superiority complex do not obey the law and they also do not respect the officials. Proud drivers often engage in physical and verbal contest with officials of traffic police and they do not admit their mistakes as well. Finally, technical mistakes and errors of other users make drivers extremely unhappy. Technical supremacy can also prove as a source of developing pride in drivers. They do not recognize others' potential of making an error on the road and drivers behave harshly as a result of minute mistakes of other users of the road [3]. Increasing age and education reduces the potential of angriness in drivers because they become spiritually and operationally calmer due to experiential and academic learning [4].

Limitations of the Study
This investigation is conducted in one locality of Pakistan and it does not study a larger sample and therefore, readers may not be able to derive generalized implications from this work.

Future Directions for Research
Future projects on the topic of anger while driving may study larger samples in order to generalize findings of the present work. Additionally, only four dimensions of the construct are discovered by this paper. However, researchers can expand the prevalent theory in order to identify hidden dimensions of the concept.