Present and Past Status of Indian Agriculture

The background of review has discussed about present positions and past positions of Agriculture. It mentions about area, production, productivity, soils, farm machine & tools, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), climate, rainfall and water of present and past agriculture. The area and productivity of 2013-14 are higher than area or production of 2015-16. The food grains production of 2013-14 is 12.96 mt higher than food grains production of 2015-16. The 173.65mha is degraded soil in out of 328.9mha of geographical areas of India. The soil degradation is reported 53 billion tons annually in India. America developed first farm machines and tools factory in 19th century and they served gas-powered tractors and harvesters to farmers. The farm machine and tools subsidy of 2013-14 is 30% lesser than farm machine and tools of 2015-16. The carbon dioxide level was 397-416ppm and is 371ppm of present period. The temperature was elevated 0.12 ˚C and 1.02 ˚C or 1-1.4 ˚C and 2.23-2.87 ˚C are raised into current period. The agriculture GDP of 2013-14 was 13.9% and of 2015-16 is 15.9%. The rainfall efficiency is dependent on precipitation. The rainfall events with precipitation were more than 100mm between 1950-2000 years. The long-term rainfall is below 10% then the rainfall scarcity is found in the environment. The long-term rainfall of 2013-14 to 2015-16 is below 10%. The ground water utilization has been increased after 1950-51 years. The total utilization of groundwater is 50% in India. The annual consumption of ground water is 245 billion cubic meters.


Introduction
Agriculture is a prominent sector of Indian economy. The agriculture sector of India has occupied almost 47% of geographical area. Over 70% of rural household depends on agriculture. The area of production of cereal is 15%, pulses 12% and fruits or vegetables are below 10% (Figure 1). The agriculture sector provided 76% employment in 1950-51 and provides 52% employment in 2012-13 because of lower GDP ( Figure 2) [1,2]. In 1960, the growth rate of food grains production was declined 1.   Figure 4). The growth rate of food grains production was declined 1.78% between 2000-01 and 2007-08. The 2000-01 and 2007-08 were the critical period to abatement of food grain production [2]. The growth rate of cereals production was 1.7% in 1990-99. The growth rate of cereals has been declined -0.2% in 2000-10 and the growth rate of cereals production has been declined 0.6% in 1999-2009. The growth rate of pulse production was 1% in 1990-99. The growth rate of area has been accounted 3.2% in 2000-10. The growth rate of pulse has been abated 2.3% in 2000-10. The growth rate of vegetable production was 4% in 1990-99. The growth rate of area has been accounted 2.9% in 2000-10. The growth rate of vegetable production has been increased 3.3% in 2000-10. The growth rate of fruit production was 5.8% in 1990-99. The growth rate of area was having been reported 5.3% in 2000-10. The growth rate of fruit production has been increased 5.7% in 2000- 10 [3].
The good production of cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables is obtained with application of fertilizers. The average consumption of fertilizers in India is 128.08 kg/ha (State Indian Agriculture, 2015-16). This fertilizer is utilized into arable land. It improves the soil texture and soil structure. The total arable land under fertilizer application is 171kg/ha [4]. Earlier land preparation is completed with indigenous country plough but this tool is not prepared light soils. The sophisticated machine and tools are provided aerated and well quality soils. The total utilization of farm machine and tools in harvesting or threshing activity is 60%-70% and in irrigation is 37% ( Figure 5) [5]. The ground water efficiency was 70-80% in 1950-51 and the canal efficiency was 25-45% in 1950-51. The net cultivable land of is 143.6mha in which 42mha is irrigated by ground water and 22mha is irrigated by canals. The ground water application has been increased for irrigation in present period.  The agricultural inputs are fulfill the requirement of human but some of the factors like overconsumption of fertilizers, overconsumption of pesticides and overexploitation of land are declined a production and productivity of field crops every year. The soil profile temperature tardily increases every year that abate the activity of organic matter and is increasing soil pH, alkali soil and hard soil. It abates area of land and types of soil every year. The increased percentage of atmospheric gases has disturbed ambient temperature, biogeochemical cycle, climate and weather. It imbalances plant ecology and ecosystem every year.
The central government and the state government have initiated several agricultural schemes and projects. With this background, I am highlighting about present and past performance of Indian agriculture with following factors i.e.

Area, production and productivity
The production is fundamental stages of Indian season. It provides food security of each nation. It fulfills the nutrient, nutrient deficiency and daily food of human. It is a backbone of Indian economy. It promotes export and import of agricultural raw materials. It also participates by private companies and our        The food grains and the major crops area, production and productivity are decreased due to overexploitation of fertilizer, improper advent of season or monsoon, overexploitation of land. The metropolis people are shifting toward countryside for livelihood and business that transforms agricultural land into infrastructure land. A man is bearer of agricultural land but his present generation is not aim into agricultural profession. This will reduce an experienced and skilled manpower into upcoming period. The farmer is receiving irregular benefit of agricultural schemes and projects. The commercial bank and the cooperative bank are not passes agriculture loan appropriate manner of Indian farmers. The extension and the awareness programme of media, private companies and Krishi Vigyana Kendra (KVK) are less to crop session.

Soils
Soil is an abiotic ecosystem that provide abode to organisms. Soil provide habitat to flora, fauna and human. The lower plants and the higher plants are offer security of soil. The human interaction has disturbed the physical, the chemical and the biological activity of soil. Deforestation, improper drainage, overgrazing of animals, excavation of soil to building construction, soil mining prepares roads, railway tracks, private institution, government institution, gowdons, industries, factories, multistorage building are devasted the soil structure, soil texture, physical property and chemical property of soil. The unrecomended dose of agrochemicals like fertilizers, pesticide and herbicide has been retarding or destroying every year physical or chemical action and soil fertility. This is caused land degradation, soil erosion, saline soil, alkali soil, sodic soil, hard soil and marshy soil every year. The geographical area of India is 328.9mha in which 173.65mha are degraded soils [8]. Nellemann et al. [9], reported that every year 2-5mha new degraded land is added into this category. This translates into a loss of nearly 10ha good land per minute to various processes of degradation. The pesticide is recommended into the soil then 1% pesticide is provide activity in the soil and the remaining pesticide is persist on the soil every year that causes various processes of degradation [10]. The 105mha of degraded farm land out of total 142mha net sown area was recorded in Indian farm house [10]. As per Indian Council of Agricultural Council (ICAR) area under problem soil increased from 220 lakh ha (2005) to 243 lakh ha (2010), comprising of alkali soil 37 lakh ha, saline soil including coastal area account for 27lakh ha and acid soil 179 lakh ha ( Figure 13) [11]. The ministry of agriculture stated that about 5.3 billion tonnes of soil degraded annually. All these activities are due to imbalance use of agrochemicals into soil every year. The imbalance application of urea has been found more into another fertilizer. This imbalance application was observed in the state of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh [5]. The imbalance use of fertilizers is due to lack of awareness about kind of fertilizers; the price of urea is controlled by the government while Potassium and Phosphorus fertilizers were decontrolled in 1992; the central government has allocated more subsidy for fertilizers; the pesticide is monitored by the ministry of chemical and fertilizers and its application is administered by the ministry of agriculture. The ministry of chemical and fertilizers has allocated subsidy; Soil extension programme like soil management programme, demonstration of agrochemical application are conducted less at distant villages and blocks. nation was weak and did not establish industry in 1801. The country had established first farm implement and machinery in 1900. The factory had supplied sophisticated machines and tools of the new agriculture. The Internal Combustion Engine was invented in 19th century. It developed gas powered tractors and harvesters. This powerful machine was replaced animals, ploughmen, knives and scythes. The farmers were adopted farm machines and tools in the mid 1900 year [12].

Farm machine and tools
The ministry of agriculture had allocated tractors, power tillers, and combine harvesters to state of Punjab or Haryana under RKVY, NFSM, NHM and TMOOP in 2013-14. The ministry of agriculture has been distributed farm machine and tools like rotavator, maize harvesting combine, paddy happy seeder, DSR drill cum planter, laser land leveler, seed drill/ zero drill/ spatial zero till drill, DSR drill cum planter, sub soiler, power operated spray pumps, battery powered sprayers, tractor operated hydraulic sprayers, hydraulic plough/ mould board plough, Multicrop thresher, maize sheller, mechanical cotton pickers, cotton cleaner to state of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh under RKVY project They trained 6773 farmers about farm machine and tools [7]. The farmers are utilized more tilling tool, spreading of seed fertilizer tool, harvesting & threshing machine. These facilities will abate time efficiency, labour costs, manpower and loss of inputs.
The government had disclosed 25-50% subsidy to farm machine and tools in 2013-14 and 80% subsidy to farm machine and tools in 2014-15 ( Figure 14). These benefits of subsidy are received by large farmers not by marginal and small farmers due to shortage of mortgage. Most of the village farmers are not aware about farm machine and tools subsidy. The information of organized bank and another government institution are drive less into block or villages. These are impacts on young farmers, production, productivity and income doubling of farmers in present agriculture. Agriculture was paramount sector after post-independence. It forecasted the highest GDP among another sector. When two continued droughts were incurred in India during 1966. The Indian farmers had produced 72 million tonnes food grains in 1966. This successful was achieved due to ample water and land resource for agriculture use. The agriculture GDP was grown 3% per annum. That's why the agriculture GDP of India was 28% in 1966 [13] and increases 44% GDP in 1970-71 ( Figure 15) [14].

Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal
present agriculture GDP is declining due to overconsumption of agrochemicals, overexploitation of land, confinement of irrigation coverage, agriculture research and extension are not competent to farmers welfare, price policies is not favorable to producers, abatement of agriculture exports, transition of climate & weather, reduction of employment, industrialization, urbanization, reduction of activity of media, agriculture department, research centers, directorates to remote block & villages, non-uniform distribution of agriculture policy and scheme to distant farmers. This aspect will impact on future agriculture GDP.

Climate
Climate is paramount physical factor of crop production and productivity. The mean annual temperature was uniform variable over the period of 1960-99 years [17]. The mean annual temperature was evaluated 0.6 ˚C-0.8 ˚C from 1850-2010 years in India [17]. The global temperature was raised during 20th century. The content level of green house gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), chlorofluro carbon (CFC), nitrous oxide (N2O) and ozone (O3) had been increased the ambient temperature of environment. It had reduced a rainfall, crop production, crop productivity [18][19][20]. The carbon dioxide concentration was steady state at 280ppm till the preindustrial period (1850). The carbon dioxide concentration rate is eluviating 1.5%-1.8% in atmosphere each year. This carbon dioxide concentration rate has suddenly increased temperature of atmosphere. This carbon dioxide concentration is likely to be doubled by the end of 21st century. It impacts on crop production, productivity, water use, photosynthesis rate and sugar accumulation [21].
The annual mean temperature had been raised 0.56 ˚C in India after the end of 2007 year. The mean winter temperature was increased 0.7 ˚C after end of 2007 year. The temperature rate was hastened in past years. The temperature rate from 1971-2007 years was raised 0.2 ˚C at every 10 years. The minimum temperature was transformed into maximum temperature. The all India maximum temperature was increased by 1.02 ˚C while minimum temperature was increased by 0.12 ˚C [17]. It effects the crop production and productivity when crop temperature is more than 34 ˚C [17].
It is estimated that carbon dioxide level will increase to 397-416ppm by 2010 year from the present carbon dioxide level of 371ppm and this would further increase by 607-755ppm by 2070 year. They projected between 1-1.4 ˚C and 2.23-2.87 ˚C area average annual mean warming by 2020 year & 2050 year respectively. Comparatively, increase in temperature is projected to be more in Rabi than in Kharif crop growing season. A large uncertainty is associated with projected Rabi rainfall than Kharif rainfall in 2050 year [22]. This variation of temperature is effect on production, productivity of Kharif and Rabi crops in future era.

Rainfall
Rainfall is paramount abiotic factor of crop ecosystem. It maintains stability of atmosphere and environment physical factor and provides water or soluble nutrient to agricultural crops. The rainfall activity is dependent on precipitation. The rainfall activity was high when rainfall events with precipitation were higher than 100mm in 1950-2000 years [23]. The long term rainfall was 10% then the frequency of rainfall was high and long term rainfall is below 10% then the scarcity of rainfall was found in the surrounding. The deficient rainfall was found in 1966,1972,1974,1979,1989, and 1987 years. The normal or excess rainfall was reported in 1970, 1975, 1978, 1983 and 1988 years. The deficient rainfall and the normal or excess rainfall were declined food grain production [24].
The water availability had been declined during 18th, 19th and 20th century. This period had been announced drought years because of scarcity of rainfall. 10 droughts were observed between 1950-1989 years. 5 droughts have been reported in the last 16 years since 2000. The southern or Eastern Maharashtra (Western India), Andhra Pradesh (Southern coast of India), Northern Karnataka (South-western India), Odisha (Eastern Coast of India), Telangana (Southeastern coast of India) and western Rajasthan are current major drought prone region of India. The frequency of drought is set to increase between 2020 to 2049 years [25].
The south west monsoon was predicted on June-September month in 2013-14. The long period rainfall was evaluated 6% above deviation. The 184 districts received excess rainfall, 264 districts received normal rainfall, 156 districts received deficient rainfall and 18 districts received scanty rainfall [6]. The meteorological department has been estimated 1 October to 31 December 15 south west monsoon in present period. The long period rainfall was observed 23% lower. The 62 districts reported excess rainfall, 250 districts reported normal rainfall, 272 districts reported deficient rainfall, 30 districts found scanty rainfall in 2015-16. The global warming has increased the ambient temperature of Biosphere. The increased temperature formed variation in precipitation. The present era of rainfall is declined from precipitation variation. This is generate instability into present and future food grains production.

Water
Water is significant natural resource to agricultural crops production. The earth surface is covered with 3/4th volume of water. The total volume of water 1385.5 million km3 is available on earth in which 97.3% saline water, 2.7% fresh water, 75.2% polar ice, 22.6% ground water, 1.9% soil moisture and 0.3% lakes or river water (Figure 16) [26]. The water is available in the Ganga river, Indus river, Yamuna river, Brahmaputra river, parts of Brahmaputra river, Godavari Krishna deltas, Chambal valley and southern river etc in India. The Ganga river is the highest water available among rivers. The canals, rivers, lakes, ponds, canals, wells, tube wells, ground water tanks, rain water harvesting are utilized for irrigation to agriculture activities. The world fresh water of India is 4% out of 80% is used in agriculture. India receives 4000 billion cubic meters of precipitation every year in which 48% precipitation is utilized for ground water and surface bodies.    The canals, wells, and tube wells application were more than ground water between 1950-51. The canal irrigated area was 8.3mha which is now 17mha. The canals utilization has come down from 39.8% in 1950-51 to 26% in 2010-11 and 39.8% in 1950-51 to 23.6% in 2012-13 ( Figure 17). The wells and the tube wells were irrigate 29% area in 1950-51 which is now irrigate 64% area in 2010-11( Figure 18). The ground water efficiency was 70-80% in 1950-51 and the canal efficiency was 25-45% in 1950-51 ( Figure 19). The net cultivable land of is 143.6mha in which 42mha is irrigated by ground water and 22mha is irrigated by canals. So, the ground water utilization has been increased in present period. The total ground water is around 433 billion cubic meters and 398 billion cubic meters is net ground water in which 245 billion cubic meters (62%) is consumed into irrigation, industrial and domestic activity ( Figure 20). 40% ground water is utilized for irrigation in world and 50% ground water is utilized for irrigation in India [25]. Uttar Pradesh (80%), Punjab (70% of the area irrigated by tube wells and wells) and Uttarakhand (67%) are the highest utilization of ground water for irrigation in India. The central part of peninsular plateau, Maharashtra (Western India), Kerala coasts, Rajasthan (Aravali Range), Bihar plain (Eastern India), Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura are the lowest utilization of ground water for irrigation due to inappropriate geographical factors. Andaman & Nicobar Island (Southern India) is 0% irrigation intensity due to adequate precipitation throughout the year.  The ground water is depleted because of unsustainable utilization of water resources for irrigation in present period. The ground water level of wells is declined 39% for long term. The 15 states and the two union territories of ground water level are declined for long term. The districts of south and north interior Karnataka (Southern India), Rayalseema in Andhra Pradesh (Southeastern coast of India), Vidarbha & Marathwada in Maharashtra (Western India), Western Rajasthan, Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh (Northern India) and Madhya Pradesh (Central India) are state and region where the ground water level has been abated to long term. These states and zones are facing acute water stress. The water table of Latur has gone down by 3.5-